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a word of recent introduction

  • 1 introduction

    1) (the act of introducing, or the process of being introduced: the introduction of new methods.) innføring, presentasjon
    2) (an act of introducing one person to another: The hostess made the introductions and everyone shook hands.) presentasjon, introduksjon
    3) (something written at the beginning of a book explaining the contents, or said at the beginning of a speech etc.) forord, innledning
    debut
    subst. \/ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃ(ə)n\/
    1) introduksjon, innføring
    2) innføring, innledning
    3) presentasjon, introduksjon
    4) forspill, opptakt
    introduction to presentasjon for
    letter of introduction anbefalingsbrev, introduksjonsbrev

    English-Norwegian dictionary > introduction

  • 2 say

    1. transitive verb,
    pres. t. he says, p.t. & p.p. said

    say something out loud — etwas aussprechen od. laut sagen

    he said something about going out — er hat etwas von Ausgehen gesagt

    what more can I say? — was soll ich da noch [groß] sagen?

    it says a lot or much or something for somebody/something that... — es spricht sehr für jemanden/etwas, dass...

    have a lot/not much to say for oneself — viel reden/nicht viel von sich geben

    to say nothing of — (quite apart from) ganz zu schweigen von; mal ganz abgesehen von

    having said that, that said — (nevertheless) abgesehen davon

    you can say that again, you said it — (coll.) das kannst du laut sagen (ugs.)

    you don't say [so] — (coll.) was du nicht sagst (ugs.)

    says you — (coll.) wer's glaubt, wird selig (ugs. scherzh.)

    I'll say [it is]! — (coll.): (it certainly is) und wie!

    don't let or never let it be said [that]... — niemand soll sagen können, [dass]...

    I can't say [that] I like cats/the idea — ich kann nicht gerade sagen od. behaupten, dass ich Katzen mag/die Idee gut finde

    [well,] I must say — also, ich muss schon sagen

    I should say so/not — ich glaube schon/nicht; (emphatic) bestimmt/bestimmt nicht

    there's something to be said on both sides/either side — man kann für beide Seiten/jede Seite Argumente anführen

    what do or would you say to somebody/something? — (think about) was hältst du von jemandem/etwas?; was würdest du zu jemandem/etwas sagen?

    say nothing to somebody — (fig.) [Musik, Kunst:] jemandem nichts bedeuten

    which/that is not saying much or a lot — was nicht viel heißen will/das will nicht viel heißen

    2) (recite, repeat, speak words of) sprechen [Gebet, Text]; aufsagen [Einmaleins, Gedicht]
    3) (have specified wording or reading) sagen; [Zeitung:] schreiben; [Uhr:] zeigen [Uhrzeit]

    the Bible says or it says in the Bible [that]... — in der Bibel heißt es, dass...

    a sign saying... — ein Schild mit der Aufschrift...

    4) in pass.

    she is said to be clever/have done it — man sagt, sie sei klug/habe es getan

    2. intransitive verb, forms as
    1.
    1) (speak) sagen

    I say! — (Brit.) (seeking attention) Entschuldigung!; (admiring) Donnerwetter!

    2) in imper. (Amer.) Mensch!
    3. noun
    1) (share in decision)

    have a or some say — ein Mitspracherecht haben (in bei)

    2) (power of decision)

    the [final] say — das letzte Wort (in bei)

    3) (what one has to say)

    have one's say — seine Meinung sagen; (chance to speak)

    get one's or have a say — zu Wort kommen

    * * *
    [sei] 1. 3rd person singular present tense - says; verb
    1) (to speak or utter: What did you say?; She said `Yes'.) sagen
    2) (to tell, state or declare: She said how she had enjoyed meeting me; She is said to be very beautiful.) sagen
    3) (to repeat: The child says her prayers every night.) aufsagen
    4) (to guess or estimate: I can't say when he'll return.) sagen
    2. noun
    (the right or opportunity to state one's opinion: I haven't had my say yet; We have no say in the decision.) das Mitspracherecht
    - academic.ru/64401/saying">saying
    - have
    - I wouldn't say no to
    - let's say
    - say
    - say the word
    - that is to say
    * * *
    [seɪ]
    <said, said>
    1. (utter)
    ▪ to \say sth etw sagen
    how do you \say your name in Japanese? wie spricht man deinen Namen auf Japanisch aus?
    I'm sorry, what did you \say? Entschuldigung, was hast du gesagt?
    to \say sth to sb's face jdm etw ins Gesicht sagen
    when all is said and done, you can only do your best letzten Endes kann man sich nur bemühen, sein Bestes zu geben
    ▪ to \say sth etw sagen
    what did they \say about the house? was haben sie über das Haus gesagt?
    what did you \say to him? was hast du ihm gesagt?
    “the department manager is at lunch,” he said apologetically „der Abteilungsleiter ist beim Mittagessen“, meinte er bedauernd
    another cup of tea? — I wouldn't \say no ( fam) noch eine Tasse Tee? — da würde ich nicht Nein sagen
    to \say goodbye to sb jdm auf Wiedersehen sagen, sich akk von jdm verabschieden
    if Europe fails to agree on this, we can \say goodbye to any common foreign policy ( fam) wenn Europa sich hierauf nicht einigen kann, können wir jegliche gemeinsame Außenpolitik vergessen
    to \say the least um es [einmal] milde auszudrücken
    he's rather unreliable to \say the least er ist ziemlich unzuverlässig, und das ist noch schmeichelhaft ausgedrückt
    you can \say that again! ( fam) das kannst du laut sagen fam
    to have anything/nothing/something to \say [to sb] [jdm] irgendetwas/nichts/etwas zu sagen haben
    I've got something to \say to you ich muss Ihnen etwas sagen
    to \say yes/no to sth etw annehmen/ablehnen
    having said that,... abgesehen davon...
    3. (put into words)
    ▪ to \say sth etw sagen
    what are you \saying, exactly? was willst du eigentlich sagen?
    that was well said das war gut gesagt; (sl)
    \say what? echt? fam
    he talked for nearly an hour, but actually he said very little er redete beinahe eine Stunde lang, aber eigentlich sagte er sehr wenig
    needless to \say [that] he disagreed with all the suggestions, as usual natürlich war er, wie immer, mit keinem der Vorschläge einverstanden
    to have a lot/nothing to \say viel/nicht viel reden
    what have you got to \say for yourself? was hast du zu deiner Rechtfertigung zu sagen?
    \say no more! alles klar!
    to \say nothing of sth ganz zu schweigen von etw dat
    it would be an enormous amount of work, to \say nothing of the cost es wäre ein enormer Arbeitsaufwand, ganz abgesehen von den Kosten
    4. (think)
    it is said [that] he's over 100 er soll über 100 Jahre alt sein
    she is a firm leader, too firm, some might \say sie ist eine strenge Führungskraft, zu streng, wie manche vielleicht sagen würden
    \say what you like, I still can't believe it du kannst sagen, was du willst, aber ich kann es noch immer nicht glauben
    ▪ to \say sth to oneself sich dat etw sagen
    she said to herself, “what a fool I am!” „was bin ich doch für eine Idiotin“, sagte sie zu sich selbst
    5. (recite aloud)
    ▪ to \say sth etw aufsagen
    to \say a prayer ein Gebet sprechen
    6. (give information)
    ▪ to \say sth etw sagen
    the sign \says... auf dem Schild steht...
    can you read what that notice \says? kannst du lesen, was auf der Mitteilung steht?
    it \says on the bottle to take three tablets a day auf der Flasche heißt es, man soll drei Tabletten täglich einnehmen
    my watch \says 3 o'clock auf meiner Uhr ist es 3 [Uhr]
    to \say something/a lot about sb/sth etwas/eine Menge über jdn/etw aussagen
    the way he drives \says a lot about his character sein Fahrstil sagt eine Menge über seinen Charakter aus
    to \say something for sb/sth für jdn/etw sprechen
    it \says a lot for her determination that she practises her cello so often dass sie so oft Cello übt, zeigt ihre Entschlossenheit
    there's little/a lot to be said for sth es spricht wenig/viel für etw akk
    there's a lot to be said for living alone es spricht viel dafür, alleine zu leben
    8. (convey inner/artistic meaning)
    ▪ to \say sth etw ausdrücken
    the look on his face said he knew what had happened der Ausdruck auf seinem Gesicht machte deutlich, dass er wusste, was geschehen war
    the expression on her face when she saw them said it all ihr Gesichtsausdruck, als sie sie sah, sagte alles
    9. ( fam: suggest)
    ▪ to \say sth etw vorschlagen
    I \say we start looking for a hotel now ich schlage vor, wir suchen uns jetzt ein Hotel
    what do you \say we sell the car? was hältst du davon, wenn wir das Auto verkaufen?
    10. (tell, command)
    ▪ to \say when/where etc. sagen, wann/wo usw.
    he said to meet him here er sagte, dass wir ihn hier treffen sollen
    she said to call her back when you get home sie sagte, du sollst sie zurückrufen, wenn du wieder zu Hause bist
    to \say when sagen, wenn es genug ist [o reicht
    [let's] \say... sagen wir [mal]...; (assuming) nehmen wir an, angenommen
    try and finish the work by, let's \say, Friday versuchen Sie die Arbeit bis, sagen wir mal, Freitag fertig zu machen
    [let's] \say [that] the journey takes three hours, that means you'll arrive at 2 o'clock angenommen die Reise dauert drei Stunden, das heißt, du kommst um 2 Uhr an
    12.
    ▶ to \say amen to sth Amen zu etw dat sagen
    I'll \say amen to that ich bin dafür
    ▶ to be unable to \say boo to a goose ein Hasenfuß sein iron pej fam
    he's so shy he couldn't \say boo to a goose er ist so schüchtern, er könnte keiner Fliege etwas zuleide tun
    ▶ to \say cheese ‚cheese‘ sagen, „wo ist das Vögelchen?“ hum
    ▶ before sb could \say Jack Robinson bevor jd bis drei zählen konnte
    ▶ to \say uncle AM ( esp childspeak) sich akk geschlagen geben, aufgeben
    ▶ to \say the word Bescheid geben
    just \say the word, and I'll come and help sag nur ein Wort und ich komme zu Hilfe
    ▶ you don't \say [so]! was du nicht sagst!
    ▶ you said it! ( fam) du sagst es!
    <said, said>
    1. (state) sagen
    where was he going? — he didn't \say wo wollte er hin? — das hat er nicht gesagt
    is it possible? — who can \say? ist das möglich? — wer kann das schon sagen?
    I appreciate the gesture more than I can \say ich kann gar nicht sagen, wie ich die Geste schätze
    I can't \say for certain, but... ich kann es nicht mit Sicherheit behaupten, aber...
    hard to \say schwer zu sagen
    I can't \say das kann ich nicht sagen [o weiß ich nicht]
    it's not for sb to \say es ist nicht an jdm, etw zu sagen
    I think we should delay the introduction, but of course it's not for me to \say ich denke, wir sollten die Einführung hinausschieben, aber es steht mir natürlich nicht zu, das zu entscheiden
    not to \say... um nicht zu sagen...
    2. (believe) sagen
    is Spanish a difficult language to learn? — they \say not ist Spanisch schwer zu lernen? — angeblich nicht
    3. (to be explicit)
    ... that is to \say...... das heißt...
    our friends, that is to \say our son's friends, will meet us at the airport unsere Freunde, genauer gesagt, die Freunde unseres Sohnes, werden uns am Flughafen treffen
    that is not to \say das soll nicht heißen
    he's so gullible, but that is not to \say that he is stupid er ist so leichtgläubig, aber das soll nicht heißen, dass er dumm ist
    4. LAW
    how \say you? wie lautet Ihr Urteil?
    III. NOUN
    no pl Meinung f
    to have one's \say seine Meinung sagen
    can't you keep quiet for a minute and let me have my \say? könnt ihr mal eine Minute ruhig sein, damit ich auch mal zu Wort kommen kann? fam
    to have a/no \say in sth bei etw dat ein/kein Mitspracherecht haben
    ▪ the said... der/die/das erwähnte [o genannte]...
    1. AM ( fam: to attract attention) sag mal... fam
    \say, how about going out tonight? sag mal, was hältst du davon, wenn wir heute Abend ausgehen? fam
    I \say! BRIT ( dated) Donnerwetter! fam
    I \say, what a splendid hat you're wearing! Donnerwetter, das ist ja ein toller Hut, den du da trägst! fam
    2. (to show surprise, doubt etc.)
    I [mean to [or must]] \say! [also,] ich muss [schon] sagen!; ( fam: for emphasis)
    I'll \say! und wie!, das kann man wohl sagen! fam; (sl: to express doubt)
    \says you! das glaubst aber auch nur du! fam
    \says who? wer sagt das?
    3. AM (expresses positive reaction) sag mal fam
    \say, that's really a great idea! Mensch, das ist ja echt eine tolle Idee! fam
    * * *
    [seɪ] vb: pret, ptp said
    1. TRANSITIVE/INTRANSITIVE VERB

    you can say what you like (about it/me) — Sie können (darüber/über mich) sagen, was Sie wollen

    I never thought I'd hear him say that — ich hätte nie gedacht, dass er das sagen würde

    that's not for him to say — es steht ihm nicht zu, sich darüber zu äußern

    he looks very smart, I'll say that for him —

    if you see her, say I haven't changed my mind — wenn du sie siehst, sag ihr or richte ihr aus, dass ich es mir nicht anders überlegt habe

    I'm not saying it's the best, but... — ich sage or behaupte ja nicht, dass es das Beste ist, aber...

    never let it be said that I didn't try — es soll keiner sagen können or mir soll keiner nachsagen, ich hätte es nicht versucht

    well, all I can say is... — na ja, da kann ich nur sagen...

    it tastes, shall we say, interesting — das schmeckt aber, na, sagen wir mal interessant

    you'd better do it – who says? —

    well, what can I say? — na ja, was kann man da sagen?

    what does it mean? – I wouldn't like to say — was bedeutet das? – das kann ich auch nicht sagen

    having said that, I must point out... — ich muss allerdings darauf hinweisen...

    so saying, he sat down — und mit den Worten setzte er sich

    he didn't have much to say for himself — er sagte or redete nicht viel; (in defence) er konnte nicht viel (zu seiner Verteidigung) sagen

    if you don't like it, say so —

    do it this way – if you say so — machen Sie es so – wenn Sie meinen

    2)

    giving instructions he said to wait here — er hat gesagt, ich soll/wir sollen etc hier warten

    3) = announce melden

    who shall I say? — wen darf ich melden?

    4) = recite poem aufsagen; prayer, text sprechen

    say after me... — sprechen Sie mir nach...

    5) = pronounce aussprechen
    6) = indicate newspaper, dictionary, clock, horoscope sagen (inf); (thermometer) anzeigen, sagen (inf); (law, church, Bible, computer) sagen

    it says in the papers that... — in den Zeitungen steht, dass...

    what does the paper/this book/your horoscope etc say? — was steht in der Zeitung/diesem Buch/deinem Horoskop etc?

    the rules say that... — in den Regeln heißt es, dass...

    the weather forecast said that... —

    what does your watch say? — wie spät ist es auf Ihrer Uhr?, was sagt Ihre Uhr? (inf)

    7) = tell sagen

    it's hard to say what's wrong what does that say about his intentions/the main character? — es ist schwer zu sagen, was nicht stimmt was sagt das über seine Absichten/die Hauptperson aus?

    that says a lot about his character/state of mind — das lässt tief auf seinen Charakter/Gemütszustand schließen

    that doesn't say much for him —

    there's no saying what might happen — was (dann) passiert, das kann keiner vorhersagen

    there's something/a lot to be said for being based in London — es spricht einiges/viel für ein Zuhause or (for a firm) für einen Sitz in London

    8)

    = suppose say it takes three men to... — angenommen, man braucht drei Leute, um zu...

    if it happens on, say, Wednesday? — wenn es am, sagen wir mal Mittwoch, passiert?

    9)

    in suggestions what would you say to a whisky/game of tennis? — wie wärs mit einem Whisky/mit einer Partie Tennis?

    shall we say Tuesday/£50? —

    I'll offer £500, what do you say to that? —

    what do you say we go now? (inf) — wie wärs or was hieltest du davon, wenn wir jetzt gingen?, was meinst du, sollen wir jetzt gehen?

    let's try again, what d'you say? (inf) — was meinste, versuchen wirs noch mal? (inf)

    10)

    exclamatory well, I must say! —

    I say! (dated) (to attract attention) I say, thanks awfully, old man! (dated) — na so was! hallo! na dann vielen Dank, altes Haus! (dated)

    say, what a great idea! (esp US) — Mensch, tolle Idee! (inf)

    say, buddy! (esp US) — he, Mann! (inf)

    you don't say! (also iro) — nein wirklich?, was du nicht sagst!

    11)

    no sooner said than done — gesagt, getan

    they say..., it is said... — es heißt...

    he is said to be very rich — er soll sehr reich sein, es heißt, er sei sehr reich

    a building said to have been built by... — ein Gebäude, das angeblich von... gebaut wurde or das von... gebaut worden sein soll

    it goes without saying that... —

    that is to say — das heißt; (correcting also) beziehungsweise

    that's not to say that... — das soll nicht heißen, dass...

    the plan sounded vague, not to say impractical — der Plan klang vage, um nicht zu sagen unpraktisch

    to say nothing of the noise/costs etc — von dem Lärm/den Kosten etc ganz zu schweigen or mal ganz abgesehen

    to say nothing of being... — davon, dass ich/er etc... ganz zu schweigen or mal ganz abgesehen

    2. NOUN
    1)

    = opportunity to speak let him have his say — lass ihn mal reden or seine Meinung äußern

    everyone should be allowed to have his say —

    2) = right to decide etc Mitspracherecht nt (in bei)

    to have no/a say in sth —

    I want more say in determining... — ich möchte mehr Mitspracherecht bei der Entscheidung... haben

    to have the last or final say (in sth) — (etw) letztlich entscheiden; (person also) das letzte Wort (bei etw) haben

    * * *
    say1 [seı]
    A v/t prät und pperf said [sed], 2. sg präs obs oder BIBEL say(e)st [ˈseı(ə)st], 3. sg präs says [sez], obs oder poet saith [seθ]
    1. sagen, sprechen:
    say yes to sth Ja zu etwas sagen;
    they have little to say to each other sie haben sich wenig zu sagen; → goodby(e) A, jack1 A 1, knife A 1
    2. sagen, äußern, vorbringen, berichten:
    have sth to say to ( oder with) etwas zu sagen haben in (dat) oder bei;
    a) er ist sehr zurückhaltend,
    b) pej mit ihm ist nicht viel los;
    have you nothing to say for yourself? hast du nichts zu deiner Rechtfertigung zu sagen?;
    is that all you’ve got to say? ist das alles, was du zu sagen hast?;
    the Bible says die Bibel sagt, in der Bibel heißt es oder steht;
    people ( oder they) say he is ill, he is said to be ill man sagt oder es heißt, er sei krank; er soll krank sein;
    what do you say to …? was hältst du von …?, wie wäre es mit …?;
    it says es lautet (Schreiben etc);
    it says here hier heißt es, hier steht (geschrieben);
    my watch says 4:30 auf meiner Uhr ist es halb fünf;
    what does your watch say? wie spät ist es auf deiner Uhr?;
    you can say that again! das kannst du laut sagen!;
    say no more (ist) schon gut!; → all C, bead A 2, nothing Bes Redew
    3. sagen, behaupten, versprechen:
    4. a) auch say over ein Gedicht etc auf-, hersagen
    b) REL ein Gebet sprechen, ein Vaterunser etc beten: → grace A 11
    c) KATH die Messe lesen
    5. (be)sagen, bedeuten:
    that is to say das heißt;
    $500, say, five hundred dollars 500$, in Worten: fünfhundert Dollar;
    (and) that’s saying sth (u.) das will was heißen;
    that says it all das sagt alles
    6. umg annehmen:
    (let’s) say this happens angenommen oder nehmen wir (mal) an, das geschieht;
    a sum of, say, $500 eine Summe von sagen wir (mal) 500 Dollar;
    a country, say India ein Land wie (z. B.) Indien;
    I should say ich würde sagen, ich dächte (schon)
    B v/i
    1. sagen, meinen:
    it is hard to say es ist schwer zu sagen;
    if you say so wenn du das sagst;
    you may well say so das kann man wohl sagen;
    you don’t say (so)! was du nicht sagst!;
    say, haven’t I …? bes US umg sag mal, hab ich nicht …?;
    I can’t say das kann ich nicht sagen;
    as one ( oder you) might say könnte man sagen, sozusagen;
    says he? umg sagt er?;
    says who? umg wer sagt das?;
    says you! sl das sagst du!, denkste!
    a) hör(en Sie) mal!, sag(en Sie) mal!,
    b) (erstaunt od beifällig) Donnerwetter! umg, ich muss schon sagen!
    C s
    1. Ausspruch m, Behauptung f:
    have one’s say seine Meinung äußern (to, on über akk oder zu)
    2. Mitspracherecht n:
    have a (no) say in sth etwas (nichts) zu sagen haben bei etwas;
    let him have his say lass(t) ihn (doch auch mal) reden!
    3. auch final say endgültige Entscheidung:
    who has the say in this matter? wer hat in dieser Sache zu entscheiden oder das letzte Wort (zu sprechen)?
    say2 [seı] s ein feiner Wollstoff
    * * *
    1. transitive verb,
    pres. t. he says, p.t. & p.p. said

    what more can I say? — was soll ich da noch [groß] sagen?

    it says a lot or much or something for somebody/something that... — es spricht sehr für jemanden/etwas, dass...

    have a lot/not much to say for oneself — viel reden/nicht viel von sich geben

    to say nothing of — (quite apart from) ganz zu schweigen von; mal ganz abgesehen von

    having said that, that said — (nevertheless) abgesehen davon

    you can say that again, you said it — (coll.) das kannst du laut sagen (ugs.)

    you don't say [so] — (coll.) was du nicht sagst (ugs.)

    says you — (coll.) wer's glaubt, wird selig (ugs. scherzh.)

    I'll say [it is]! — (coll.): (it certainly is) und wie!

    don't let or never let it be said [that]... — niemand soll sagen können, [dass]...

    I can't say [that] I like cats/the idea — ich kann nicht gerade sagen od. behaupten, dass ich Katzen mag/die Idee gut finde

    [well,] I must say — also, ich muss schon sagen

    I should say so/not — ich glaube schon/nicht; (emphatic) bestimmt/bestimmt nicht

    there's something to be said on both sides/either side — man kann für beide Seiten/jede Seite Argumente anführen

    what do or would you say to somebody/something? — (think about) was hältst du von jemandem/etwas?; was würdest du zu jemandem/etwas sagen?

    what I'm trying to say is this — was ich sagen will, ist folgendes

    say nothing to somebody — (fig.) [Musik, Kunst:] jemandem nichts bedeuten

    which/that is not saying much or a lot — was nicht viel heißen will/das will nicht viel heißen

    2) (recite, repeat, speak words of) sprechen [Gebet, Text]; aufsagen [Einmaleins, Gedicht]
    3) (have specified wording or reading) sagen; [Zeitung:] schreiben; [Uhr:] zeigen [Uhrzeit]

    the Bible says or it says in the Bible [that]... — in der Bibel heißt es, dass...

    a sign saying... — ein Schild mit der Aufschrift...

    4) in pass.

    she is said to be clever/have done it — man sagt, sie sei klug/habe es getan

    2. intransitive verb, forms as
    1.
    1) (speak) sagen

    I say! — (Brit.) (seeking attention) Entschuldigung!; (admiring) Donnerwetter!

    2) in imper. (Amer.) Mensch!
    3. noun

    have a or some say — ein Mitspracherecht haben (in bei)

    the [final] say — das letzte Wort (in bei)

    have one's say — seine Meinung sagen; (chance to speak)

    get one's or have a say — zu Wort kommen

    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: said)
    = sagen v.

    English-german dictionary > say

  • 3 principio

    m.
    1 beginning, start (comienzo).
    el principio del fin the beginning of the end
    del principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finish
    a principios de at the beginning of
    al principio at first, in the beginning
    en principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursday
    en un principio at first
    2 principle (fundamento, ley).
    en principio in principle
    por principio on principle
    3 origin, source (origen).
    4 element (elemento).
    principio activo active ingredient
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: principiar.
    * * *
    1 (inicio) beginning, start
    2 (base) principle
    3 (moral) principle
    1 rudiments
    \
    al principio at first, at the beginning
    en principio in principle
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) beginning, outset
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=comienzo) beginning

    al principio — at first, in the beginning

    a principios del verano — at the beginning of the summer, early in the summer

    desde el principio — from the first, from the outset

    desde el principio hasta el fin — from start to finish, from beginning to end

    en un principio — at first, to start with

    tener principio en algo — to start from sth, be based on sth

    2) pl principios (=nociones) rudiments, first notions

    "Principios de física" — "Introduction to Physics", "Outline of Physics"

    3) (=norma) principle

    el principio de la legalidad — the force of law, the rule of law

    4) (Fil) principle
    5) (Quím) element, constituent
    6) (Culin) entrée
    * * *
    1) ( comienzo) beginning

    el principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer

    en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning

    2)
    a) (concepto, postulado) principle
    b) ( norma moral) principle
    * * *
    1) ( comienzo) beginning

    el principio del verano — early summer, the beginning of summer

    en un or al principio — at first, in the beginning

    2)
    a) (concepto, postulado) principle
    b) ( norma moral) principle
    * * *
    el principio
    = early days, the

    Ex: The new chemical was expensive, and in the early days it was often mishandled; much of the foxing of early nineteenth-century paper was due to inefficient bleaching.

    principio1
    1 = principle, proposition, tenet, canon, touchstone.

    Ex: Objective 2 results in what could be described as a collocative catalogue, because a catalogue based on this principle collocates the writings of a particular author.

    Ex: They are a core, a set of basic propositions, onto which are grafted a rich variety of other possibilities.
    Ex: This attack summarises her main tenets.
    Ex: The archetypal canon is of course that of the books of the Bible, which are gathered together in a fixed and unchanging order.
    Ex: The touchstone for professional practice are the professional codes of ethics that govern medicine in face-to-face relationships with patients.
    * actuar de acuerdo con los principios de Uno = act on + Posesivo + principles.
    * adherirse a principios = espouse + principles.
    * basado en principios = principled.
    * basarse en un principio = base on + principle.
    * con principios = principled.
    * cumplir con un principio = comport with + principle.
    * declaración de principios = statement of principles, value statement, Bill of Rights, declaration of principles, statement of principles.
    * defender los principios de Uno = stand up for + Posesivo + principles.
    * de principios = principled.
    * de principios muy elevados = high-minded.
    * en principio = in principle, on principle.
    * establecer un principio = establish + principle, set forth + cause.
    * formular un principio = formulate + principle.
    * infringir un principio = violate + principle.
    * ir en contra de todos + Posesivo + principios = violate + principle.
    * Los Principios de París = Paris Principles.
    * mantenerse fiel a los principios de Uno = stick to + Posesivo + principles.
    * poner en duda unos principios = shake + foundations.
    * por principio = on principle.
    * por principios = as a matter of principle.
    * principio constitutivo = constitutive principle.
    * principio de actuación = governing principle.
    * principio de archívese según aparece = file-as-is principle.
    * principio de cualificación profesional adecuada para el trabajo en cuestión = principle of rate for the job.
    * principio de gratuidad, el = gratis principle, the.
    * principio de igualdad, el = egalitarian principle, the.
    * principio de la alfabetización literal = file-as-is principle, file-as-is principle.
    * principio del escalonamiento = scalar principle.
    * principio ético = moral principle.
    * principio fundamental = fundamental, principium [principia, -pl.].
    * principio moral = moral principle.
    * principio orientador = guiding principle.
    * principios = philosophy, ethos, morals.
    * principios elevados = high-mindedness.
    * Principios para la Intercalación Bibliográfica = ISO7154.
    * proponer como principio = posit.
    * respetar los principios = observe + principles.
    * seguir un principio = adopt + convention.
    * sin principios = unscrupulous, unprincipled.
    * suscribir un principio = subscribe to + principle.
    * traicionar los principios de uno mismo = betray + Posesivo + own principles.
    * una cuestión de principios = a matter of principle.
    * violar un principio = violate + principle.

    principio2
    2 = start, eruption, kick-off, startup [start-up], beginning.

    Ex: Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.

    Ex: Information on the news items relevant to 'mad cow disease' was collected for a period of 100 days starting very close to the eruption of the crisis.
    Ex: The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.
    Ex: This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.
    Ex: In addition, synthesis often requires the use of a facet indicator, which marks the beginning of a new facet for example.
    * abocado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed to + failure, doomed to + failure from its inception, doomed from + the beginning.
    * al principio = at first, at the outset, early [earlier -comp., earliest -sup.], in the early years, originally, to start with, early on, at startup.
    * al principio de = at the beginning (of), at the dawn of, at the onset of, early in.
    * al principio de la imprenta = early printing.
    * al principio y al final = both ends.
    * al principio y al final de = at each end of.
    * a principios de = in the early + Fecha.
    * a principios de + Expresión Temporal = early + Expresión Temporal, the.
    * a principios de los + Década = early + Década, the.
    * comenzar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.
    * comenzar por el principio, empezar desde cero, comen = start from + scratch.
    * condenado al fracaso desde el principio = doomed from + the start, doomed from + the outset, doomed from + the beginning.
    * de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX = turn-of-the-century.
    * de principio a fin = from start to finish, gavel to gavel, from beginning to end.
    * de principio a fin (documento) = cover to cover.
    * desde el principio = from the start, all along, ab initio, from the outset, from the beginning, from the word go, from the word get-go.
    * desde el principio de los tiempos = since the beginning of time, from the beginning of time, since time began.
    * desde principio a fin = throughout.
    * desde principios de siglo = since the turn of the century, from the turn of the century.
    * el principio de = the dawn of.
    * el principio del fin = the beginning of the end.
    * el principio de + Mes/Estación = early + Mes/Estación.
    * empezar por el principio = start from + scratch, start at + ground zero.
    * en principio = at first, conceivably, first of all, prima facie.
    * en un principio = at an earlier stage, initially, originally, at one time, to begin with.
    * fracaso desde el principio = doomed failure.
    * hay que empezar por el principio = first things must come first.
    * leer de principio a fin = read + from cover to cover.
    * muy al principio = in very early days, at the very outset.
    * para principios de siglo = by the turn of the century.
    * principio, el = early days, the.
    * regresar al principio = go back to + square one, be back to square one.
    * volvemos siempre al principio = things swing full circle.
    * volver al principio = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle.

    * * *
    A (comienzo) beginning
    el principio del verano early summer, the beginning of summer
    empieza por el principio start at the beginning
    el principio del fin the beginning of the end
    el éxito logrado con su primer libro es un buen principio the success she's had with her first book is a good start, the success of her first book has got her off to a good start
    se llegó a un principio de acuerdo en las negociaciones they reached the beginnings of an agreement in the negotiations
    congeniamos desde el principio we got along well from the start
    leyó el libro desde el principio hasta el final sin parar he read the book from cover to cover o from beginning to end o from start to finish without putting it down
    a principios de temporada at the beginning of the season
    a principios de siglo at the turn of the century
    al principio at first
    en un principio se creyó que la Tierra era plana at first o in the beginning people believed the Earth was flat
    B
    1 (concepto, postulado) principle
    es un principio universalmente aceptado it's a universally accepted concept
    la teoría parte de un principio erróneo the theory is based on a false premise
    en principio la reunión es el jueves the meeting's on Thursday unless you hear otherwise o provisionally, the meeting is set for Thursday
    en principio estoy de acuerdo, pero no depende sólo de mí I agree in principle, but it isn't only up to me
    2 (norma moral) principle
    es una cuestión de principios it's a question of principle(s)
    es una persona de principios she's a person of principle o a principled person
    por principio on principle
    Compuestos:
    uncertainty principle
    uncertainty principle
    ● principio de placer/realidad
    pleasure/reality principle
    * * *

     

    Del verbo principiar: ( conjugate principiar)

    principio es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    principió es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    principiar    
    principio
    principio sustantivo masculino
    1 ( comienzo) beginning;

    empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
    eso es un buen principio that's a good start;
    en un or al principio at first, in the beginning
    2 (postulado, norma moral) principle;

    por principio on principle
    principio sustantivo masculino
    1 (comienzo) beginning, start: nos hemos perdido el principio de la película, we've missed the beginning of the film
    2 (causa, origen) premise, origin
    3 (idea fundamental, norma) principle 4 principios, (nociones) rudiments, basics: posee algunos principios de mecánica, she has some rudiments of mechanics
    ♦ Locuciones: al principio, at first
    en principio, in principle
    por principio, on principle
    ' principio' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - cien
    - empezar
    - extrema
    - extremo
    - frustrarse
    - germen
    - horterada
    - indirecta
    - vista
    - criterio
    - elemental
    - por
    English:
    at
    - basically
    - begin
    - beginning
    - cornerstone
    - early
    - farce
    - first
    - front
    - further
    - go
    - hear of
    - initially
    - initiation
    - listen
    - maybe
    - originally
    - outset
    - policy
    - principle
    - see
    - soon
    - start
    - stick to
    - tenet
    - wind back
    - from
    - out
    - right
    - throughout
    - turn
    * * *
    1. [comienzo] beginning, start;
    empieza por el principio start at the beginning;
    al principio at first, in the beginning;
    desde el principio from the beginning;
    se ha llegado a un principio de acuerdo a preliminary agreement has been reached;
    a principios de at the beginning of;
    en un principio at first;
    el principio del fin the beginning of the end;
    del principio al fin, desde el principio hasta el fin from beginning to end, from start to finish
    2. [fundamento, ley] principle
    principio de Arquímedes Archimedes' principle; Filosofía principio de causalidad causality principle;
    principio de incertidumbre uncertainty principle;
    principio de indeterminación uncertainty principle;
    principio del todo o nada all-or-nothing policy
    3. [origen] origin, source
    4. [elemento] element
    principio activo active ingredient
    5.
    principios [reglas de conducta] principles;
    un hombre de principios a man of principles;
    sin principios unprincipled, unscrupulous;
    por principio on principle;
    se negó a hacerlo por principios she refused to do it on principle
    6.
    principios [nociones] rudiments, first principles;
    tiene algunos principios de informática she knows a bit about computing
    7. [primera consideración]
    en principio: en principio, me parece buena la idea in principle, the idea seems good;
    en principio quedamos en hacer una reunión el jueves provisionally o unless you hear otherwise, we've arranged to meet on Thursday
    * * *
    m
    1 ley, moral principle;
    en principio in principle;
    por principio on principle
    2 en tiempo beginning;
    a principios de abril at the beginning of April;
    al principio, en un principio at first;
    el principio del fin the beginning of the end
    * * *
    1) comienzo: beginning
    2) : principle
    3)
    al principio : at first
    4)
    a principios de : at the beginning of
    a principios de agosto: at the beginning of August
    5)
    en principio : in principle
    * * *
    1. (comienzo) beginning
    2. (concepto) principle
    a principios de... at the beginning of...

    Spanish-English dictionary > principio

  • 4 γάρ

    γάρ (Hom.+) conj. used to express cause, clarification, or inference. Never comes first in its clause; usu. second, but also third (Hb 11:32), or even fourth (2 Cor 1:19, as e.g. Menand., Epitr. 883 S. [=563 Kö.]; Lucian, Pisc. 10, Philops. 15; s. B-D-F §452; 475, 2; Denniston 56–114; Schwyzer II 560).
    ① marker of cause or reason, for
    ⓐ abs. Mk 1:22; 9:49; Lk 1:15; 21:4; J 2:25; Ac 2:25; Ro 1:9; 1 Cor 11:5 and oft.—It should be noted that γάρ w. a verb (and nothing else) can form a sentence (Demosth. 21, 28 δίδωσι γάρ.; Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 32 κινεῖ γάρ.; Menand., Sam. 666 S. [=321 Kö.] δεῖ γάρ.; Alexis Com. 286 Kock παύσει γάρ.; Axionicus Com. [IV B.C.] 6, 6 K.: Ael. Aristid. 13 p. 273 D.; Maximus Tyr. 10, 8g δύναται γάρ.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 3, 3; Synes., Ep. 4 p. 163d ἠνεχυρίαστο γάρ.=for it had been seized as security; Aristaen., Ep. 2, 7; Anna Comn., Alexias 5, 1 vol. I p. 156, 8 R. προπέποτο γάρ.; et al.—Ps.-Demetrius, Form. Ep. p. 12, 2 as conclusion of a letter ὀφείλω γάρ.; Vi. Aesopi G 67 P. as the ending of a story: οὐκ ἔχεις γάρ.=you don’t have any [understanding, common sense]; Polyaenus 3 the introduction ends with the words: πρόδηλον γάρ.—See also CKraeling, JBL 44, 1925, 357f; RRottley, JTS 27, 1926, 407–9; RLightfoot, Locality and Doctrine in the Gosp. ’38, 10ff; CMoule, NTS 2, ’55/56, 58f) ἐφοβοῦντο γάρ. Mk 16:8 (s. φοβέω 1a). Conclusions of this kind at the end of Mk are also found in other lit. (Horapollo 2, 80 οὗτος γάρ; Plotin. V 5, 13, 36f κρείττον γὰρ τὸ ποιοῦν τοῦ ποιούμενου• τελειότερον γάρ. [Pvan der Horst, JTS n.s. 23, ’72, 121–24]).
    ⓑ used w. other particles and conjunctions ἰδοὺ γάρ (Jdth 5:23; 9:7; 12:12; 1 Macc 9:45) Lk 1:44, 48; 2:10; 6:23; 17:21; Ac 9:11; 2 Cor 7:11 al.; s. ἰδού 1c. καὶ γάρ (B-D-F §452, 3; B-D-R §452, 3) for (=Lat. etenim, Kühner-G. II 338; s. Chariton 3, 3, 16; 2 Macc 1:19; 4 Macc 1:2; 5:8) Mk 10:45; Lk 22:37; J 4:23; Ac 19:40; 1 Cor 5:7; Hb 5:12; 12:29; Hs 9, 8, 2; for also, for even (B-D-F §452, 3; ZNW 19, 1920, 175f) Mt 8:9; Lk 6:32f; 7:8; 11:4; J 4:45; Ro 11:1; 15:3; 16:2; 2 Cor 2:10. S. FGrosheide, καὶ γάρ in het NT: TSt 33, 1915, 108–10. γὰρ καί for also, for precisely 2 Cor 2:9 (ParJer 7:6 εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἀπεστάλην). τε γάρ for indeed (X., Mem. 1, 1, 3) Ro 1:26; 7:7; Hb 2:11 (s. τέ 2b). μὲν γάρ (3 Macc 2:15f) often followed by δέ, ἀλλά Ac 13:36; 23:8; 28:22; 2 Cor 9:1; 11:4; Hb 7:20; 12:10 (s. μέν 1aα, β); ὅτι μὲν γὰρ … ἀλλά Ac 4:16. καὶ γὰρ οὐ 1 Cor 11:9; οὐ γάρ Mt 10:20; Mk 4:22; 6:52; J 3:17; Ac 2:34; Ro 1:16; 2:11, 13, 28; 4:13; 1 Cor 1:17; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 4:30 and oft. μὴ γάρ Js 1:7 (TestAbr A 2, 79, 9 [Stone p. 6]; GrBar 6:6). οὐδὲ γάρ Lk 20:36; J 5:22; 7:5; 8:42; Ro 8:7; Gal 1:12 (s. οὐδέ 2). οὔτε γὰρ … οὔτε (Wsd 12:13; Sir 30:19) for neither … nor 1 Th 2:5.
    ⓒ γάρ is somet. repeated. It occurs twice either to introduce several arguments for the same assertion, as (Sir 37:13f; 38:1f; Wsd 7:16f) J 8:42; 1 Cor 16:7; 2 Cor 11:19f; or to have one clause confirm the other, as (Jdth 5:23; 7:27; 1 Macc 11:10) Mt 10:19f; Lk 8:29; J 5:21f, 46; Ac 2:15; Ro 6:14; 8:2f; Hv 5:3; or to have various assertions of one and the same sentence confirmed one after the other Mt 3:2f; J 3:19f (cp. Wsd 1:5f; EpJer 6; 7). γάρ also occurs three times (Wsd 9:13–15; 14:27–29) Mt 16:25–27; Lk 9:24–26; Ro 4:13–15; 2 Cor 3:9–11; four times Mk 8:35–38; Ro 1:16–18; even five times 1 Cor 9:15–17.
    ⓓ the general is confirmed by the specific Mk 7:10; Lk 12:52; Ro 7:2; 1 Cor 12:8; —the specific by the general Mt 7:8; 13:12; 22:14; Mk 4:22, 25; Ro 2:2 v.l.
    ⓔ oft. the thought to be supported is not expressed, but must be supplied fr. the context: (He has truly been born) for we have seen his star Mt 2:2. (Let no one refuse) ὸ̔ς γὰρ ἐὰν θέλῃ Mk 8:35; Lk 9:24. (Let no disciple fail to testify) ὸ̔ς γὰρ ἐὰν ἐπαισχυνθῇ με Mk 8:38. This is common; cp. Ac 13:36; 21:13; 22:26; Ro 8:18; 14:10; 1 Cor 1:18; 5:3; 9:9, 17; 14:9. Sim. w. other particles καὶ γάρ Mt 15:27; 2 Cor 5:2; 13:4; Phil 2:27; 1 Th 3:4; 4:10. καὶ γὰρ οὐ 2 Cor 3:10. μὲν γάρ Ro 2:25; 1 Cor 5:3; 11:7; 2 Cor 9:1; Hb 7:18. οὐ γάρ Mt 9:13; Mk 9:6; Lk 6:43f; Ac 4:20; Ro 8:15; 2 Cor 1:13 (also s. καί 2iα, and μέν 1aα).
    ⓕ oft. in questions, where the English idiom leaves the word untransl., adds then, pray, or prefixes what! or why! to the question (Hyperid., Fgm. 219; Ael. Aristid. 47, 27 K.=23 p. 452 D.; TestJob 23:8 τὶ γὰρ μοι ἡ θρίξ … ; Jos., Bell. 1, 589, Ant. 9, 92) ἱνατί γὰρ … κρίνεται for what reason … should be judged 1 Cor 10:29. ποῖον γὰρ κλέος; what credit is there? 1 Pt 2:20. μὴ γὰρ … ἔρχεται; what! Is the Messiah to hail fr. Galilee? J 7:41. μὴ γὰρ οἰκίας οὐκ ἔχετε; what! Have you no houses? 1 Cor 11:22. S. μή 3a.—ποία γὰρ ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν; what, pray, is your life? Js 4:14 v.l. πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην; how in the world can I? Ac 8:31.—Esp. τίς γάρ; τί γάρ; in direct questions: Mt 9:5; 16:26; 23:17, 19 al. τί γὰρ κακὸν ἐποίησεν; why, what crime has he committed? 27:23; sim. Mk 15:14; Lk 23:22. τί γάρ; transitional, well, then Ro 3:3; what does it matter? Phil 1:18.
    ② marker of clarification, for, you see (Dionys. Hal., De Isocr. p. 542 Raderm.; Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10, 9 p. 373 κοῦφα γὰρ ὄντα; BGU 830, 20 ἐπεὶ γὰρ καὶ γείτων αὐτοῦ εἰμί=since I am also, as you see, his neighbor; Ps.-Demetr. 153 p. 35, 16 R.; Ps.-Callisth. 3, 2, 2 ἐγὼ γάρ=for I) Mt 12:40, 50; 23:3; 24:38; Mk 7:3; Lk 8:40; 9:14; J 3:16; 4:8f; Ro 7:2; Hb 2:8; 3:4; 2 Pt 2:8; AcPlCor 2, 4; 35.—Brief, explanatory parenthetical clauses (En 107:3 μυστηριακῶς γὰρ ἐδήλωσεν αὐτῷ; Diod S 13, 66, 6 ἦν γὰρ ὁ Κλέαρχος χαλεπός) Mt 4:18; Mk 1:16; 2:15; 5:42; 16:4; Ro 7:1; 1 Cor 16:5; Gal. 4:25 v.l. (cp. γὰρ δή 1 Cl 42:5). Akin to explanatory function is the use of γάρ as a narrative marker to express continuation or connection (in later Gk. writers, where more recent users of the texts, not finding the causal force they expect, would often prefer to see it replaced by δέ; unnecessarily, since the grammarian Trypho Alex. [I B.C.], Fgm. 54 ed. AvVelsen 1853 shows clearly that γάρ under certain circumstances εἷς οὖν ἐστὶν ἀντὶ τοῦ δέ=is one and the same thing as δέ). Indeed, in many instances γάρ appears to be used adverbially like our ‘now’ (in which the temporal sense gives way to signal an important point or transition), ‘well, then’, ‘you see’ (e.g. Diod S 20, 35, 1 ‘now’; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. §1; 120; 158; 197 [LDeubner, Bemerkungen z. Text der Vi. Pyth. des Jambl.’35, 30f]; Arrian, Ind. 33, 1 ἀλλὰ ἔπλωον γὰρ … =well, then, they sailed … ; schol. on Od. 4, 22 p. 174, 10 Dind.; ‘moreover’ SIG 1109, 28 [II A.D.]; ‘in the first place’ Jos., Bell. 7, 43, ‘now’ Ant. 1, 68): Ro 1:18; 2:25 (‘indeed’, ‘to be sure’ as Jos., Ant. 11, 8); 4:3, 9; 5:7 (‘but’); 12:3; 14:5; 1 Cor 10:1 (v.l. δέ); 2 Cor 1:12; 10:12; 11:5 (B δέ); Gal 1:11 (v.l. δέ); 5:13; 1 Ti 2:5. Cp. ἡμεῖς γὰρ J 9:28 v.l.—Confirming (Arrian, Ind. 22, 6 ἀλλὰ ἐκπεριπλῶσαι γὰρ … μέγα ἔργον ἐφαίνετο=but to sail seaward seemed indeed a dangerous undertaking; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 192 ἅπασαι μὲν γὰρ … =What has just been stated is apparent from the fact that all …). Especially in replies γάρ confirms what has been asked about (B-D-F §452, 2) yes, indeed; certainly 1 Th 2:20; 1 Cor 9:10.
    ③ marker of inference, certainly, by all means, so, then. In self-evident conclusions, esp. in exclamations, strong affirmations, etc. (Diogenes the Cynic in Diog. L. 6, 47 παῦσαι γάρ=stop, then) μὴ γὰρ οἰέσθω ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος not for a moment let such a person think Js 1:7; μὴ γάρ τις ὑμῶν πασχέτω by no means let any of you suffer 1 Pt 4:15; ἀναλογίσασθε γὰρ τὸν … ὑπομεμενηκότα yes indeed, consider him who endured Hb 12:3; οὐ γάρ no, indeed! Ac 16:37 (Aristoph., Nub. 232, Ran. 58; Pla., Rep. 492e; Lucian, Jupp. Conf. 16). In weakened sense it is somet. resumptive, esp. in long periodic sentences: ηὐδόκησαν γάρ they decided, then Ro 15:27. ἐλεύθερος γὰρ ὤν though I am free, then 1 Cor 9:19 (cp. vs. 1). Sim. 2 Cor 5:4. Many questions w. γάρ have both inferential and causal force.—S. τοιγαροῦν.—CBird, Some γάρ Clauses in St Mark’s Gospel: JTS n.s. 4, ’53, 171–87.—DELG. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > γάρ

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  • word — I (New American Roget s College Thesaurus) Written communication Nouns 1. word, term, expression, locution, linguistic unit or form, word form, lexeme; homonym, synonym, antonym, heteronym, homophone; syllable, monosyllable, polysyllable; stem,… …   English dictionary for students

  • Introduction —    Sacred music is a universal phenomenon of humanity. Where there is faith, there is music to express it. Every major religious tradition and most minor ones have music and have it in abundance and variety. There is music to accompany ritual and …   Historical dictionary of sacred music

  • Introduction —    All countries are unique, but Russia particularly contemporary Russia is undoubtedly sui generis. Underscoring this point, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill once described the country as “a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma.” …   Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation

  • Introduction —    Although the Berbers form sizable populations in North Africa and the Sahel, they have been reduced to a minority within their respective home states. Berbers are the ancient inhabitants of North Africa, but rarely have they formed an actual… …   Historical dictionary of the berbers (Imazighen)

  • Introduction —    There are shamans who may be able to heal, and others who may be successful at controlling game animals. Some shamans alter consciousness or use trance, others shape shift and journey to other worlds. Some mediate between their communities and …   Historical dictionary of shamanism

  • Introduction to entropy — Thermodynamic entropy provides a measure of certain aspects of energy in relation to absolute temperature. The thermodynamic entropy S, often simply called the entropy in the context of thermodynamics, is a measure of the amount of energy in a… …   Wikipedia

  • Microsoft Word — Microsoft Office Word Microsoft Office Word 2010 on Windows 7 …   Wikipedia

  • Biblical Introduction — • Designates the part of Scriptural science which is concerned with topics preliminary to the detailed study and correct exposition of Holy Writ, and also, it is given to a work in which these various topics are actually treated Catholic… …   Catholic encyclopedia

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